Continuing from the previous
post regarding the larger area of Zarahemla, that would have been required as
the Nephites grew in number between about 100 B.C. and 300 A.D.
As indicated in the last post, we do not know the numbers of
the Nephites when they reached Zarahemla with Mosiah, or the numbers after the
Mulekites and others joined the Nephites. We also do not know the population of
the Nephites after the crucifixion, how many survived the destruction, and how
many were part of the Nephi Golden Age, the two hundred years following the
Savior’s appearance in the Americas.
Evidently the Nephites before the crucifixion, were a large
number (3 Nephi 4:3), partly because all the converted Lamanites joined with
the Nephites (3 Nephi 2:11), “and their skin became white like unto the
Nephites” (Mosiah 2:15).
However, while the scriptural record uses such general
and expansive terms as “multiply in the
land,” “fill the land,” “multiply exceedingly,” or “numberless,” all of which are relative
terms and could mean anything from thousands to millions. Such terms, of
course, are not particularly helpful in determining actual numbers. As an
example, in one case the Nephites increase until they are so numerous that they
"cover the whole face of the land,
both on the northward and the southward, from the sea west to the sea east"
(Helaman 11:20), but then thirty three years later they are able to all gather
in one body, in the central part of the land, to defend themselves against the
Gadianton Robbers (3 Nephi 3), and since we do not know how large that central part of the land might have been, we cannot derive or compare these two events to obtain any numbers.
Consequently, one
must understand the terminology, i.e., cover
the whole face of the land does not suggest, as subsequent comments point
out, that they were occupying every single area, but that they were spread in
all parts of the land, in the north and south and in the east and west, yet
there would have been numerous areas where they were not located, thus we find
the term “wilderness” (an unoccupied tract of land) used frequently when a Nephi leaves an occupied area, like a city, and heads for another occupied area, like another city.
In another instance,
the Lamanite armies are described as being “numerous almost, as it were, the
sands of the sea" (Alma 2:27), while apparently gathered in one body,
fighting with Alma and his army at a localized ford on the River Sidon. Unless
one has been in combat, it might be difficult to follow this line of thinking,
but if you are a squad of 13 men and suddenly attacked by a Battalion of some
500 to a thousand men, they would seem like as many as the sands of the seashore,
or if you are a Battalion of 700 and suddenly set upon by a Brigade of 3000
men, the numbers would seem overwhelming.
Mormon frequently
condenses his explanations into minimal language, especially in comparing one
set of numbers against another. All we have to do is continue and we recognize
that in this case, both commanders, Amlici and the King of the Lamanites are
present with this single “army.” It is likely that this single body of armed
men numbered around forty thousand, as the numbers did when Mormon later faced
Aaron, the Lamanite king who “came against us with an army of forty and four
thousand. And behold, I withstood him with forty and two thousand” (Mormon
2:9). Of course it could have been as little as 30,000 or as many as 50,000, the
numbers Mormon illustrated later in another battle (Mormon 2:25).
Fifty thousand men
gathered on one battle field to face your force of 30,000 might seem “numerous
almost, as it were, the sands of the sea" as you face a force apparently
twice your size, made up of fierce and possibly crazed warriors, all dedicated
to your destruction.
It may well just come down
to a matter of perception.
It is also very
likely that on the battlefield itself at the time, these large armies were
divided up into smaller units but Mormon did not delve into that kind of detail
as he often chose not to do. He is abridging a much, much larger record,
writing roughly about 1% of what he has at his disposal (Words of Mormon 1:5; Helaman
3:14; 3 Nephi 5:8; Ether 15:33). Consequently, if we are going to glean such
information, we have to put situations together and understand the point of
view or perception of the people at the time.
What we do know is that the numbers of Nephites in the greater
Zarahemla area would have been significant. James E. Smith, the professional
demographer has written the most comprehensive
evaluation of Nephite populations available (Review of John C. Kunich,
"Multiply Exceedingly: Book of Mormon Population Sizes." FARMS Review
of Books. Vol. 6: 1994.)
He judges the numbers in 87 B.C. (the year Alma reaches Zarahemla) to be about
300,000 to 1.5 million, which “includes a double portion of Mulekites who were
double the Nephties and Mulekites plus Nephites were much fewer in number than the
Lamanites” (James A. Smith, Study of Population Size in the
Book of Mormon. FARMS. 1994).
In fact, Smith goes
on to say, “It is not hard to imagine a significant population of Nephites in
Mormon's day [350 AD]…With a moderately positive population growth rate of .1
percent per year, a population of 300,000 in Zarahemla in 87 B.C. would produce
450,000 in Mormon's day…about 28 percent of this population would be 15 to 30
years old. This, in turn, implies about 63,000 males of these ages...presumably
being the male population from which the armies were drawn. Mormon reports
armies of 40,000 (Mormon 2:9) and 30,000 (Mormon 2:25) troops in the years A.D.
331 and 346, numbers easily attainable according to our demographic
speculations...a much larger army of 230,000 is reported at the final battle of
Cumorah in the later fourth century. If this large army included all of the
15-to-30-year-old males in the Nephite population, the total population size
would have been about 1.6 million people.”
This is supported
more or less by Washburn, who said, “In that battle at Cumorah at least a
quarter of a million men were killed. Add their women and children, and we
might have a million to a million and a half. That, apparently, was all of the
Nephites at that time...How, under such conditions [conditions of almost
constant warfare], which existed throughout the long history of dealings
between the two peoples, except for two periods of nonviolence, could the
population have grown into many millions?" (Washburn, J. Nile. Book of
Mormon Lands and Times. Salt Lake City, 1974).
Washburn
seems to be closest in his mirroring the scriptural record. Mormon tells us
that as he looked out over the dead, he describes the destruction of his
230,000-man army: “And
it came to pass that my men were hewn down, yea, even my ten thousand who were
with me, and I fell wounded in the midst; and they passed by me that they did
not put an end to my life. And when they had gone through and hewn down all my
people save it were twenty and four of us, (among whom was my son Moroni) and
we having survived the dead of our people, did behold on the morrow, when the
Lamanites had returned unto their camps, from the top of the hill Cumorah, the
ten thousand of my people who were hewn down, being led in the front by me. And
we also beheld the ten thousand of my people who were led by my son Moroni. And
behold, the ten thousand of Gidgiddonah had fallen, and he also in the midst.
And Lamah had fallen with his ten thousand; and Gilgal had fallen with his ten
thousand; and Limhah had fallen with his ten thousand; and Jeneum had fallen
with his ten thousand; and Cumenihah, and Moronihah, and Antionum, and Shiblom,
and Shem, and Josh, had fallen with their ten thousand each. And it came to pass
that there were ten more who did fall by the sword, with their ten thousand
each; yea, even all my people, save it were those twenty and four who were with
me” (Mormon 6:10-15).
At no time does Mormon suggest
that women and children were involved in this fighting, or numbered among the 23
Divisions of 10,000 soldiers each. There were of course wives and children
present (Mormon 6:7), and whether the women and children and old men were
sequestered to the rear, or up a ways on the hill Cumorah is not known,
however, throughout the use of the military terms, like “army” in all of
Mormon’s writings, women and children were never included except as a separate
segment (Mormon 4:14,15,21). But, in the case of the Jaredites, the opposite
is true, where “both men women and children being armed with weapons of war,
having shields, and breastplates, and head-plates, and being clothed after the
manner of war” (Ether 15:15) shows all Jaredites actually fought in their last
battle (Ether 15:12).
(See the next post, “Pachacamac:
The Larger Zarahemla Capital – Part IV,” to see why it was necessary to have a
much larger City of Zarahemla and greater area of Zarahemla than might have
been earlier imagined)
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